Ethics in Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Morals in Business - Case Study Example Organizations must act morally to all partners, yet the various partners have contrasting interests. To adjust the necessities of the different partners turns into a test for organizations, which for the most part brings about corporate outrages that have moral and other durable impacts. It is therefore, that this conversation investigates the ongoing moral issues in organizations, in the United States. Coming up next is an extensive rundown of ongoing moral issues, the ethical issue, just as what ought to be done to determine the ethical situation. Advertisers searching for restless corporate publicizing for the most part hazard character and shut entryways on social duty in scan for an advancement second. While drawing up serious promotions, partnerships long to be in the spotlight, yet such notices wind up bringing surprising and negative end results among the crowds or the planned beneficiaries. Ongoing unnatural birth cycles of notices are, for example, the McDonald’s, Pepsi, general engines, portage and Hyundai. The above corporations’ late commercials were initially proposed to be funny, in spite of the fact that they were opened up as harsh and hostile pigeonholes. An ad by the Pepsi Corporation named the Mountain Dew promotion has pulled in analysis of spreading prejudice and loving cold-bloodedness against ladies. The promotion includes an African American covering, and is esteemed as the most harsh and bigot advertisement in US. McDonald’s advert â€Å"You are not alone† has been reprimanded on grounds that it downplays individuals experiencing psychological instability. General engines run an advert with 1930s settings and fuses a contemporary remix of a 1930s melody that makes references to Chinese individuals. The general good issue in the general engines and the Pepsi advert are that they are depicting a racial generalization. At the

Research Balfour Beatty plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Balfour Beatty plc - Essay Example In the year 2002,civil designing represented practically 38%, building administrations 35,and rail building 27% of the absolute benefits gained by the association. (Corporate Watch, 2006) Balfour Beatty, established by George Balfour and Andrew Beatty, mechanical designer and a graphed bookkeeper by callings individually was at first into making trolley lines. Be that as it may, the world war â€II brought the development of trolley lines to an end and realized an impasse circumstance in the organization. A milestone choice was set aside by then of effort to venture into the common development field. Balfour Beatty additionally assumed an instrumental job in the mid 1920s in overseeing different force partnerships across Great Britain into development of a typical â€Å"grid† in Britain. Balfour Beatty was obtained by BICC, a cabling organization in the year 1969.Balfour Beatty was an auxiliary and represented the greater part of BICC’s incomes. In 1999, BICC’s cabling activities were at a listing low and the organization chose to strip their link tasks. In the year 2000, BICC changed its name to Balfour Beatty plc.

Let Go the Best You Can

Let Go the Best You Can We look around our homes and see everything we once wantedâ€"everything that was supposed to makes our lives happy and better and complete. And now theyre collecting dust. Unused. The exercise equipment. The pet accessories. The ceramic planters. And then there are the things we could never discardâ€"the items that hold wistful nostalgia. Grandmas doilies. Dads blazer. Moms jewelry. No, you arent required to get rid of anything. But if youre stressed by the excess, then perhaps its time to jettison something. You neednt let go of everything todayâ€"just let go the best you can. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

A Substance Abuse Treatment Facility - 1606 Words

Non-Discrimination As a substance abuse treatment facility we are required to protect the fundamental human, civil, constitutional and statutory rights of each client receiving services with us. In accordance with Federal Law and U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, creed, color, religion, gender, national origin, age, or disability. Bannock Youth Foundation supports and welcomes opportunities to define the special, unique traditions and rituals of all cultures and will make every effort to support practices that reflect individual belief systems. We will protect the client’s rights for personal dignity in the provision of all care and treatment and the right to human services, regardless of the source of financial support. Confidentiality Policy The confidentiality of alcohol and drug abuse patient records maintained by this program is protected by Federal law and regulations. Generally, the program may not say to a person outside the program that a patient attends the program, or disclose information identifying a patient as an alcohol or drug abuser, unless: - The patient consents in writing. - The disclosure is allowed by a court order; or - The disclosure is made to medical personnel in a medical emergency or to a qualified personnel for research, audit, or program evaluation. Violation of the Federal law and regulations by a program is a crime. Suspected violations may be reported toShow MoreRelatedTreatment Of Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities1654 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, substance abuse issues were thought of as a male problem (Bride 2011). Treatment center programs, methods and models are constructed around the male psychological needs rather than mix-gender needs. Literature shows that 12-step programs, therapy, individual counseling, group therapy and many other models provide to the increase in success stories however there is a lack in research focusing on the needs of the gender individual (Marsh, Cao, Shin 2009). Substance abuse treatment facilitiesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans895 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance, as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: frie nds and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults that are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 people under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapses are common. AfterRead MoreDrug Abuse And Substance Abuse Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Approximately eighty percent of the inmates in correctional facilities have problems related to substance abuse. The number of male inmates has increased considerably in the recent years mainly due to a high number arrests and prosecutions that are drug related. Many correctional facilities offer educational and treatment interventions to help them. However, significant gaps remain.The Justice’s Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program in the U.S tracks prevalence trends and the type of drugsRead MoreThe Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans844 Words   |  4 PageslSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: friends and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults who are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 peop le under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapse is common. After completingRead MoreTransitional Housing For Incarcerated Addicts : Analysis1092 Words   |  5 Pagesin the forensic substance abuse population. I currently live in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, which is a rural county that has extremely limited resources. Within the whole county, there is not a single inpatient residential drug and alcohol treatment facility, and only 2 licensed drug and alcohol outpatient treatment centers, as well as 2 methadone clinics. While treatment is highly important, my intervention plan focuses on the crucial time post-release from prison and/or treatment, where vulnerabilityRead MoreMental Illness Of The Mentally Ill On Deinstitutionalization1514 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness in America has become an increasingly popular topic of discussion. Rather than being placed in hospitals for treatment, mentally ill individuals are being placed into correctional facilities for their actions. Persons with serious mental ill ness (SMI) such as bi-polar disorder, severe depression, schizophrenia and etc. have trouble within society. Many lack income and stable living arrangements to be able to succeed in the community. Side effects of their illness can enable them toRead MoreOur Traditional Criminal Justice System957 Words   |  4 Pagesthese issues would be to have more certified substance abuse counselors. Other key factors would be to work on strategies, have key components in place, key partnerships to make the goals attainable, and above all to help the offender/clients (http://www.ncpc.org/topics/drug-abuse/strategies/strategy-substance-abuse-counseling-in-correctional-facilities). I feel that there should be more private and state run facilities that have certified substance abuse counselors. I have three younger sistersRead MoreA Report On Substance Abuse Treatment Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagesexplains substance abuse treatment which our company SAFE Foundation OP Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment Centre treat and educate individuals daily. The Brownsville community is associated with our facility which includes specialized treatment for our patients. Our effective treatment programs focuses on adult and youth, include several different types of interventions simultaneously, and provide intensive treatment. This proposal concludes with comments on improving substance abuse patientsRead MoreSubstance Abuse Treatment Center Of The World798 Words   |  4 Pagesfoundation of the issue. Here in Florida there many substance abuse treatment facilities, in fact there are so many that Southern Florida is not considered the substance abuse treatment center of the world. This is the description of Southern Florida that was talked about in classrooms, at an undergraduate program at Indian River State College (IRSC) in Fort Pierce Florida. Many time a professor would talk about Southern Florida being the treatment capital of the world, and there was silence in theRead MoreThe Substance Abuse Social Worker1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Substance Abuse Social Worker Social workers have long worked with people who abuse substances, beginning in the 1800’s with sobriety houses and inebriate asylums, to settlement houses in the profession’s beginnings to developing self-help, consumer-driven programs, designing inpatient detoxification programs, and to applying youth-oriented prevention and education programs. As an addictions counselor, the social worker is a part of a specialized profession that began with the wounded healer

Why Everyone Is Completely Wrong Regarding Financial Essay Samples

Why Everyone Is Completely Wrong Regarding Financial Essay Samples How to Choose Financial Essay Samples 1 show staff which you're a responsible employer with a transparent policy for developing a secure and healthy working environment every superior employer wants staff to have confidential that it's taking excellent services to protect them from themselves, each other and their surrounding. Regardless of what company an individual has it is important to get financial plan in place. You should stop and rate your organization performance before you're able to keep on making decisions. The outstanding part about it's that you're not required to sign in for your purchase. Financial Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? It is essential for the enterprise to guarantee that the suppliers investments are put back in the organization. All businesses need governing in addition to managing. A prosperous company has to have sufficient funding to have the ability to execute the firm's plans and operations. It must have good working relationship with suppliers and customers outside the organization as well. Financial management is an integrated management system which ensures the evolution of interrelated management decisions, every one of which brings its share of the total effectiveness of financial activity. Financial crises possess the roots in the simple credit expansion. Additional financial managers help in making decisions on the way in which the corporation investments ought to be funded. For some smaller businesses financial resources have to be monitor and provided when needed because finance may be used quickly in little businesses. There are a lot of essential rules that each and every student should adhere as a way to compose successful financial essay. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capacity to spark the interests of your readers. You might think that its a simple method of accomplishing the job of essay writing. Start by asking yourself what it is which you enjoy doing. Write Your Essay Many individuals become scared when they're requested to compose an essay. Having us to address any of the problems which you may face when coming up with scholarship essay topics will be recommended for you. You've got to understand what kind of an article you're going to work with, which means you can produce a suitable tone and format of your upcoming essay. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. As you are reading the write-up, you must look for details that identify the subject of the report. Brainstorm to generate some decent ideas and make an outline to assist you get going. Make certain your essay is neatly typed, and that there's lots of white space' on the webpage. When you've already decided on this issue you can start to make an outline for your essay. The Fight Against Financial Essay Samples There are particular requirements you must follow. The usage of a financial analysis to help determine what should be completed in business is quite beneficial. Such analysis is achieved by the firm to be aware of the borrowing capacity of a prospective borrower. The second approach to conducting horizontal analysis is by using percentages. Studies have demonstrated that children can definitely gain from memorization tasks required to perform in the arts, and it might not be too late for adults too. 4 risk assessment is made for employers and self-employed men and wo men that are required by law to recognize and assess risks at work. It's evident that most students find it tricky to submit absolutely free error sample essay for financial need scholarship since mostly they give plagiarized content since they copy the specific information found on the web. Students have the exact same facilities and the exact same requirements as their fellow students over the course of the day. To be able to understand that you're working with a crucial analysis, you've got to bear in mind that analysis means breaking down and studying of the parts. In my classes there are lots of students working during the day like I do, therefore we have a lot of things in common. At exactly the same time that it should sound intellectual. After the time comes, you will be prepared to compose your way to scholarship success! Writing a very simple analysis demands keen attention to details and the ability to comprehend the intricacy of the subject. My second objective will be finding a superb flat to reside in. In general, the aforementioned outline is remarkably simple because the work search procedure, despite all of the anxiety and confusion, is remarkably easy. You've got to reveal your critical thinking abilities and make judgments about the subject as you analyze a report, so it's possible to develop clear opinion and conclusions.

Bis 220 Week 1 Paper Free Essays

An act of legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law, expressed in writing. (thefreedicitionary. com) The Do Not Call Implementation Act of 2003 and The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970 both fall under this definition. We will write a custom essay sample on Bis 220 Week 1 Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Do Not Call Implementation Act , 2003, authorized the Federal Trade Commission to collect fees for the implementation and enforcement of a â€Å"do-not-call† registry and for other purposes. The Fair Reporting Act of 1970 controls the collection, use, and redistribution of your consumer information (Stroup, About. om). These rules or acts come into existence for a number of reasons, some are even ethical in nature. But it is said when you create a lot of rules you create a lot of rule breakers. So lets take a look at what brought The Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003 was promulgated. This Do Not Call Implementation Act of 2003 was to help get a fee for telemarketers or businesses who wanted to make calls to people who didn’t have their name on the do not call list and to enforce provisions to the â€Å"do not call† registry. As stated earlier rules create rule breakers and people were not following the Telemarketing Sale Rule. So the rules have to constantly be updated because people are trying to figure out how to get around the rule. This rule came about because consumers just wanted to be left alone when at home and not be bothered with annoying phone calls from telemarketers while in the middle of eating dinner. They don’t want a credit card company calling trying to extend credit in the middle of the afternoon while their home school child is taking a nap. Which leads us to The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970. The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970 was brought into play to help the banks and the consumer. As stated above it controls the collection, use, and redistribution of consumer information (Stroup, about. com). In order to keep the banking system running strong and not putting out bad information on consumer. The act has rules and guidelines for companies that report consumer credit. If the banks have bad information on a consumer and gives the consumer a loan then that can be a problem for the bank or the consumer. But if all reporting stays with in the guidelines of the act then the chances are the information will be good and the right decision will be made in lending. The problem is the bank will have good information in some cases, but the consumer has another consumers information and uses it for themselves. These are the types of unethical things that people do, which has a snowball effect. Because it hurts the banks, making it harder for them to get money from the Federal Reserve, which in turn tightens up the lending criteria of the banks, thus making it difficult for consumers to get the things they need. But when you create rules, you create rule breakers. So although the two acts help the FTC govern the different areas that the acts cover. They still have their pros and cons, some which we discussed above, and others that we did not. But my belief is â€Å"get rid of some of the rules, get rid of the rule breakers. Resources Govtrack. us, H. R 395 (108th): Do Not Call Implementation Act Jack Stroup, About. com Guide: The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 How to cite Bis 220 Week 1 Paper, Essay examples

Sociological Approach of Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology is the development of means of analysing problems and issues of sociological nature. At home, hospitals, work place and in various institutions where people interact on daily basis, social issues arise and are a matter of concern for many.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Approach of Ethnomethodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These social issues and problems occur because people take for granted simple things like every day happenings, background affairs and even simple rules and norms which shape our daily lives. Ethnomethodology is a new way of dealing with problems and issues of sociological nature to bring about social order (Denzin 922). Man’s environment consists of social objects which do not exist in reality. Meanings brought out by these objects affect man’s life, his current and future interactions and defines his social life. Denzin (923) argues that on e object is self, every man has self and this object shapes how he interacts with other people. People translate various happenings differently, they perceive various happening differently and have various imaginations and memories. Man’s contact and behaviour has a direct impact on other people’s lives. Family members, friends and workmates besides others will influence our imaginations and whatever decision we make in our daily basis. If we include other people in our imaginations whatever outcome we get will please them and this builds our relationships with them. Ethnomethodology analyses rules, norms, back ground affairs, simple Family relationship mistakes, perceptions and imaginations about situations or other ignored occurrences and comes up with better ways of dealing with such happenings or social issues. Ethnomethodology tries to look deep into these issues and tries to show these issues which most people don’t know how they happen and the consequence s they have on their lives. It endeavours to show how these background happenings can be solved in a new way without changing peoples’ lives to bring about social order now and in the future (Atkinson 443).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A lot of controversy has faced this subject of ethnomethodology and how it affects sociology. Some people argue that ethnomethodology is a critique of old ways of doing sociology while other say that it is phenomenological sociology where it is a way of doing research based on phenomenological grounds. Atkinson argues that treating ethnomethodology as phenomenological sociology is wrong because ethnomethodology does not follow the same methods or operations as phenomenological sociology (451). Although the two are related they differ in one way or the other and should be regarded as separate to avoid confusion. Sociology assumes that nor mal daily events are as a result of extrinsic forces which most people accept them without knowing that they may be responsible for some of their sociological problems. Most people will ignore these simple things and move forward without thinking of any possible solution to them. Other critics argue that ethnomethodology is a way of challenging sociology because it disrupts social flow of events or daily happenings which is not the case. An ethnomethodologist main aim is to come up with new different perceptions of real life occurrences and try to use new means to tackle social issues better. Ethnomethodology does not try to change the entire face of sociology. It is concerned with reduction of people’s perception and attitudes about various social issues. It brings better understanding of interactions among people in various settings.Ethnomethodology has been referred to as radical subjectivism to sociology because it integrates itself into sociology and criticizes various i ssues however it does not dispute various sociological principles as argued by Zimmerman( 9). Although language can be a very important factor in sociology, ethnomethodology does not entirely support that. For instance natural language which is known by very few people can be very important in socializing at the local setting because people can express themselves very well and understand each other easily.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Approach of Ethnomethodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However ethnomethodology states that natural language cannot always solve some of sociological problems affecting society when we have people who are not free to express themselves clearly in a given language (Hilbert 795). Ethnomethodology proposes new ways of bringing social order and satisfaction in a community. It argues that most of the results we get from various institutions such hospitals, schools , various organizations are fictional and are very far from real. This is because most organizations follow taken for granted rules and assumptions and their outcomes are dictated by such rules which are wrong. Ethnomethodology suggests that social problems are different in various settings and should be dealt with differently. Analysis of sociological problems or issues should not be based on taken for granted rules which forces one to make wrong choices (Zimmerman 7) Ethnomethodology tries to create a barrier between everyday’s happenings and scientific happenings. It states that science cannot fully explain and bring solutions to What happens to man in his environment. Pollner (378) points out that some of man’s experiences can only be explained by various methods such as ethnomethodology which bring about peaceful interactions and prosperity and ward off any future unwelcome sociological consequences. How ethnomethodology is depicted in the Television program Seinf eld Seinfeld is American television program aired from 1989 to1998. It has remained as one of the greatest TV shows since 1990s up to now and has attracted people of all ages. The characters in the movies are singles without identities and without moral considerations and never care much in their lives or for their past experiences. The actors are related in one way or the other, some are family members, and others work together while others are just friends. These characters spend their greater part of their lives living together and they rarely interact with outsiders. In the TV show, the characters portray how people make judgments and criticize other people in life.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dawson (2) says that the TV show is about something. That something is the simple happenings which happen on daily basis to our lives. Normally we dismiss them as nothing without knowing that they have social implications on our lives at the moment and in future. According to ethnomethodology these simple day-to-day occurrences if taken for granted can bring about social problems. This is clear in the TV show where we have characters who don’t care, who have no hope, who lie about their life styles, characters who look down upon women, characters who see relationships as futile, who lack concern for morals and who don’t have concern of other people in their society. Most characters in the in the TV show have a tragic ending because of ignoring these simple things. Ethnomethodology explains how people socialize by looking at current issues affecting our societies.It acts as an alternative recipe on how cope with daily happenings of sociological importance in a better wa y. It is not concerned with power or resource allocation in the society rather it is concerned with studying various rules and occurrences in a particular setting. It is an alternative to sociology and it aims at coming up with long-lasting workable solutions to some of the current issues of the society for better socialization of people. Works Cited Atkinson, Paul. â€Å"Ethnomethodology: A critical review†. Annual Review of sociology 14 (1988):441-465. Print. Dawson, Ryan. Seinfeld: A show about something. Cambridge University. 2006. Web. Denzin, Norman K. â€Å"Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology: A Proposed Synthesis†. American Sociological Review 34. 6 (1969):922-934. Print. Hilbert, Richard A. â€Å"Ethnomethodology and the Micro-Macro Order†. American Sociological Review 55.6 (1990): 794-808. Print. Pollner, Melvin. â€Å"Left of Ethnomethodology: The Rise and Decline of Radical Reflexivity†. American Sociological Review 56.3(1991):370-380 . Print. Zimmerman, Don H. â€Å"Ethnomethodology†. The American Sociologist 13.1 (1978): 6-15. Print. This essay on Sociological Approach of Ethnomethodology was written and submitted by user Eleanor Freeman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay Example

Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay Example Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Paper Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Paper Inaugural Speech by Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandelas inauguration speech held major significance in many ways due mainly to the fact that before becoming the first black president of South Africa, he had spent decades fighting against apartheid and enduring 22 years of prison. This speech was presented in order to signify a new era and a new page in the history of South Africa. Every word and sentence was carefully chosen in order to serve a specific purpose and address different audiences both within South Africa and to the world. What is the purpose of Mandelas speech? The purpose of Mandelas speech was not simply to address the nation as their new president and give gratitude to those who put him there but instead to make a statement that South Africa was going to make immense changes and unify to show the world what the nation could truly do in order to become a land of hope, freedom, justice and equality for all. Throughout the speech, Mandela very carefully and specifically uses both ethos and pathos in order to draw out many different emotions and encourage the nation to feel unified and prepared to make the necessary changes to overcome and rectify the deeply rooted problems which South Africans faced for all too long. Mandela, being a well-known figure in South Africa long before becoming president, had a strong established credibility within the black community. Mandela was known for working and leading in the African National Congress (ANC) and enduring years in prison for his cause, therefore people had faith and respect for him and many looked at him almost as if he were family to them, thus gaining the nickname of grandfather to many. When addressing the nation, not only were people willing to listen intently, but they also truly believed he would follow through on his words and not make empty promises. His past actions helped prove him as a worthy candidate and instilled trust with in the black citizens of South Africa. It was important that Mandela also address the white citizens of South Africa carefully in order to unite them together instead of continuing the division. Outside of South Africa, many had also heard of his achievements and work and knowing so helped Mandela structure his speech to carefully address the needs of all audiences. Of all the audiences the speech was directed to, his fellow black South Africans were the first and foremost. Addressing the emotional needs of this group was highly important and Mandela spoke regarding what they needed to hear most: change for the better and unity. He brought up feelings of anger in remembering the past mistreatment because along with anger comes a strong motivation for change and a call to action. He spoke of specific and achievable goals, which brought forth a longing and eagerness of the community to achieve these goals. He spoke of obligation, both to themselves and to the world to make their nation just, strengthened and confident enough to sustain all hopes of a glorious life. All this we owe both to ourselves and to the people of the world who are so well represented here today. By saying this, Mandela made the people of South Africa feel an urgency and responsibility to act and prove themselves to the rest of the world and also made sure that citizens of the world who were watching South Africa would make sure they were held accountable to their word. He gave South Africans a sense of pride for putting up a fight and not giving up their dreams of change, for being able to put up with so much and still come out strong and optimistic for a brighter future instead of resentful and eager for revenge. The time for the healing of the wounds has come, the moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come Mandela was also able to make an immediate call to action and a necessity to act as quickly as possible. One of the most important emotions that Mandela successfully created within the people through his speech though was the feeling of hope; hope for a better future, a unified nation, better opportunities for both themselves and future generations and hope that all the changes were absolutely possible as long as they joined together to work towards these goals. Another important audience Mandela was speaking to was the white South Africans. It was very important to address the needs of this particular group because they had been in power for decades and were feeling nervous anticipation about the immense changes in process. Mandela made sure to present his message very carefully in order to not bring up feelings of rebellion, resentment or retaliation. His goal was not to attack them and force them to pay for past actions, but instead to understand and join together in making changes for a better future for all citizens regardless of color. We shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. He spoke carefully about the sufferings of the past so the whites could understand why change was so necessary. A feeling of guilt and shame in this group was important so they would be willing to make changes. There was also a sense of obligation within this audience to help prove to the world that they were willing to move forward and take a hand in helping to re-build South Africa. There was guilt in past actions, because regardless of the fact that Mandela did not point blame at anyone, the world had known about the problems and causes of the problems. The pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict. Hope and optimism were emotions that Mandela hoped the audience would feel as his speech came to a close. By speaking of unity, justice, peace and freedom, he wanted the white community to join together into a multi-cultural nation that would from now on work collaboratively towards common goals in the best interests of all. One of the other groups of people Mandela was addressing in his speech were the citizens of the world. There were messages he wanted to share and feelings he wanted to bring forward within this community as well. For years, the world watched as South Africa tore itself apart in conflict, violate human rights and refuse to make changes and steps towards a new direction. It was vital that Mandela show the world how ready they really were now to make these changes. The world was to be both an audience and a judge that South Africans would prove themselves to. By sharing the changes and goals that South Africa hoped to achieve, a sense of obligation and a necessity to show the world what they could do would emerge. He shared feelings of sadness with the world when speaking of the past and a willingness to help South Africa to achieve their goals because these goals were to be achieved not only as a nation but also as citizens of humanity and the world. We thank all our distinguished international guests for having come to. A common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity. There was also a feeling of pride within this community when Mandela addressed the gratitude he felt towards the heroes and heroines for helping in the fight towards change. By bringing up this sense of pride, Mandela knew it would also bring a sense of obligation to continue doing the right thing and continue to help South Africa along on its road to peace. With a wealth of experience, knowledge and leadership, Mandela knew very clearly how important a speech like this would be to summon up the right emotions and states of mind for citizens in South Africa and the world. Every word, sentence and paragraph addressed different issues, brought up various emotions and helped to give a feeling of unity and a longing for change. By effectively combining his use of ethos and pathos, Mandela was able to address numerous audiences within one speech and send forth a common message to all.

The Battle of Tippecanoe in Tecumsehs War

The Battle of Tippecanoe in Tecumseh's War The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought November 7, 1811, during Tecumsehs War. In the early 19th century, Native American tribes sought to oppose American expansion into the Old Northwest Territory. Led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, the Native Americans began to assemble a force to oppose the settlers. In an effort to prevent this, the Governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, marched out with a force of around 1,000 men to disperse Tecumsehs men. As Tecumseh was away recruiting, command of the Native American forces fell to his brother Tenskwatawa. A spiritual leader known as The Prophet, he ordered his men to attack Harrisons army as it encamped along Burnett Creek. In the resulting Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrisons men were victorious and Tenskwatawas forces were shattered. The defeat resulted in a severe setback for Tecumsehs efforts to unite the tribes. Background In the wake of the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne which saw 3,000,000 acres of land transferred from the Native Americans to the United States, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh began a rise to prominence. Angry over the treatys terms, he revived the idea that Native American land was owned in common by all the tribes and could not be sold without each giving their consent. This idea had previously been used by Blue Jacket prior to his defeat by Major General Anthony Wayne at Fallen Timbers in 1794. Lacking the resources to directly confront the United States, Tecumseh began a campaign of intimidation among the tribes to ensure that the treaty was not put into effect and worked to recruit men to his cause. While Tecumseh was endeavoring to build support, his brother Tenskwatawa, known as The Prophet, had begun a religious movement which stressed a return to the old ways. Based at Prophetstown, near the confluence of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, he began garnering support from across the Old Northwest. In 1810, Tecumseh met with the Governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, to demand that the treaty be declared illegitimate. Refusing these demands, Harrison stated that each tribe had the right to treat separately with the United States. Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Public Domain Tecumseh Prepares Making good on this threat, Tecumseh began secretly accepting aid from the British in Canada and promised an alliance if hostilities broke out between Britain and the United States. In August 1811, Tecumseh again met with Harrison at Vincennes. Though promising that he and his brother sought only peace, Tecumseh departed unhappy and Tenskwatawa began gathering forces at Prophetstown. Traveling south, he began seeking assistance from the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) of the Southeast and encouraged them to join his confederacy against the United States. While most rejected his requests, his agitation ultimately led to a faction of the Creeks, known as the Red Sticks, commencing hostilities in 1813. Harrison Advances In the wake of his meeting with Tecumseh, Harrison traveled to Kentucky on business leaving his secretary, John Gibson, at Vincennes as acting-governor. Utilizing his connections among the Native Americans, Gibson soon learned that forces were gathering at Prophetstown. Calling out the militia, Gibson sent letters to Harrison urging his immediate return. By mid-September, Harrison had returned along with elements of the 4th US Infantry and support from the Madison Administration for conducting a show of force in the region. Forming his army at Maria Creek near Vincennes, Harrisons total force numbered around 1,000 men. Moving north, Harrison encamped at present-day Terre Haute on October 3 to await supplies. While there, his men constructed Fort Harrison but were prevented from foraging by Native American raids which began on 10. Finally re-supplied via the Wabash River on October 28, Harrison resumed his advance the next day. Tenskwatawa, The Prophet. Public Domain Nearing Prophetstown on November 6, Harrisons army encountered a messenger from Tenskwatawa who requested a ceasefire and a meeting the next day. Wary of Tenskwatawas intentions, Harrison accepted, but moved his men onto a hill near an old Catholic mission. A strong position, the hill was bordered by Burnett Creek on the west and a steep bluff to the east. Though he ordered his men to camp in a rectangular battle formation, Harrison did not instruct them to build fortifications and instead trusted to the strength of the terrain. While the militia formed the main lines, Harrison retained the regulars as well as Major Joseph Hamilton Daveiss and Captain Benjamin Parkes dragoons as his reserve. At Prophetstown, Tenskwatawas followers began fortifying the village while their leader determined a course of action. While the Winnebago agitated for an attack, Tenskwatawa consulted the spirits and decided launch a raid designed to kill Harrison. Armies Commanders: Americans General William Henry Harrisonapprox. 1,000 men Native Americans Tenskwatawa500-700 men Casualties Americans - 188 (62 killed, 126 wounded)Native Americans - 106-130 (36-50 killed, 70-80 wounded) Tenskwatawa Attacks Casting spells to protect his warriors, Tenskwatawa sent his men to the American camp with the goal of reaching Harrisons tent. The attempt on Harrisons life was guided by an African-American wagon-driver named Ben who had defected to the Shawnees. Approaching the American lines, he was captured by American sentries. Despite this failure, Tenskwatawas warriors did not withdraw and around 4:30 AM on November 7, they launched an attack on Harrisons men. Benefiting from orders given by the officer of the day, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Bartholomew, that they sleep with their weapons loaded, the Americans quickly responded to the approaching threat. After a minor diversion against the north end of the camp, the main assault struck the south end which was held by an Indiana militia unit known as the Yellow Jackets. Standing Strong Shortly after the fighting began, their commander, Captain Spier Spencer, was struck in the head and killed followed by two of his lieutenants. Leaderless and with their small caliber rifles having difficulty in stopping the onrushing Native Americans, the Yellow Jackets began falling back. Alerted to the danger, Harrison dispatched two companies of regulars, who, with Bartholomew in the lead, charged into the approaching enemy. Pushing them back, the regulars, along with the Yellow Jackets, sealed the breach (Map). A second assault came a short time later and struck both the northern and southern parts of the camp. The reinforced line in the south held, while a charge from Daveiss dragoons broke the back of the northern attack. In the course of this action, Daveiss fell mortally wounded . For over an hour Harrisons men held off the Native Americans. Running low on ammunition and with the rising sun revealing their inferior numbers, the warriors began retreating back to Prophetstown. A final charge from the dragoons drove off the last of the attackers. Fearing that Tecumseh would return with reinforcements, Harrison spent the remainder of the day fortifying the camp. At Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa was accosted by his warriors who stated that his magic had not protected them. Imploring them to make a second attack, all of Tenskwatawas pleas were refused. On November 8, a detachment of Harrisons army arrived at Prophetstown and found it abandoned except for a sick old woman. While the woman was spared, Harrison directed that the town be burned and any cooking implements be destroyed. Additionally, everything of value, including 5,000 bushels of corn and beans, was confiscated. Aftermath A victory for Harrison, Tippecanoe saw his army suffer 62 killed and 126 wounded. While casualties for Tenskwatawas smaller attacking force are not known with precision, it is estimated that they suffered 36-50 killed and 70-80 wounded. The defeat was a serious blow to Tecumsehs efforts to build a confederacy against the United States and the loss damaged Tenskwatawas reputation. Tecumseh remained an active threat until 1813 when he fell fighting against Harrisons army at the Battle of the Thames. On the larger stage, the Battle of Tippecanoe further fueled the tensions between Britain and the United States as many Americans blamed the British for inciting the tribes to violence. These tensions came to a head in June 1812 with the outbreak of the War of 1812.

What is the next thing they target or introduce Essay

What is the next thing they target or introduce - Essay Example To address the problem, and in targeting a larger customer base, the company has embarked on cost cutting as a way of raising money to be used in investment and reaching out to more customers. According to Peters (2014), this can be used to cut costs and improve business. The company mostly targets students as they do not have cars. This puts them at a good position to be potential customers for the company. However, the company has to ensure that it reaches out to the customers otherwise it won’t be able to reap from the customers. The next big thing for the company is cutting continual budget in an effort to remain afloat and also continue to cut routes and schedules for the administration. This is being done to ensure that the company remains afloat and operating on its popular routes. The company is aiming at increasing its returns during the peak season as with little money coming from the government, they need to improve their strategies. They were evaluating an idea of using smaller buses though the idea is not totally feasible at the moment. It is also planning to lease out space to renters to ensure that it gets more

A Summary of a Chapter Writing the Winning Thesis or Dissertation Essay

A Summary of a Chapter Writing the Winning Thesis or Dissertation - Essay Example The researcher should present all datasets in tables and figures. Joyner, Rouse, and Glatthorn, 2005, emphasize on proper development of tables and figures to show study results.Writing the Introductory Paragraph. The introduction of chapter four should remind readers of the research problem and restate it in the first sentence. Similarly, an introductory paragraph should feature a sentence that gives a succinct overview of the whole chapter. The researcher should summarize study results by referring to tables. The researcher should state the evidence. However, when the writer states the narrative, part it only highlights the significant results. Using headings to attain proper chapter organization forms an imperative aspect of a thesis or dissertation.Revise the chapter before submission to the dissertation chair for review. Revising research is important to identify any errors in grammar and format in the chapter. A good thesis or dissertation should be free of grammar errors. It s hould be clear to the readers and easily understandable. Should the dissertation require tables or figures, the researcher must ensure he fully understands the programs applied such as word and spreadsheet. The writer then considers creating rows and columns of a table and makes a hard copy draft to ensure of size. Mention the table title and table number. The book outlines how a researcher can make a table on word and spreadsheet. Based on the information, the researcher can use whatever is suitable for him or her.

Effects of trade barriers

Effects of trade barriers Chapter 1 Introduction Trade is an exchange of services and goods for other services and goods or for money, Trade ( 2010). The paper discusses about the effects of trade barriers on international trade, i.e. to identify one or more variables (inflation, transportation cost, tariff, remittances, population, GDP deflator and exchange rate) in the study that effect international trade the most. A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade (Trade barrier, 2010). The problem discussed is the effect of trade barriers on international trade. In order to address the problem, two hypotheses have been developed and tested. Each hypothesis explains the effect of variables as barrier to international trade. Secondary data of three years comprised on year 2005-2007, collected from the source World Trade Organization (WTO). The statistical tool applied to test the hypothesis is multi-variate regression model as there are more than one independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent variables identified in this paper are (Inflation, Exchange Rate, Remittances, GDP, Tariff, Population and Transportation Cost) the dependent variable are (Imports and Exports). The statistical result of the hypothesis testing can be seen in the following chapters. Inflation Generally inflation is defined as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over time, where as most of the economist define inflation as a rise in the prices of some specific set of goods or services, it is important to understand that the rise in prices is for specific set of goods and services and it should be constant, as well as a rise in price of one good or service as compared to other does not mean an increase in inflation it should be increased for every product or service. Inflation is measured as the percentage rate of change of a price index (Haq Hussain, 2008). Measures of Inflation There are many measures of inflation each for different sector, Consumer Price Indices (CPI) CPI measures the price of goods and services purchased by a consumer (Haq Hussain, 2008). Cost-of-Living Indices (COLI) Are indices similar to the CPI which is often used to adjust fixed and contractual incomes (Haq Hussain, 2008). Producer Price Indices (PPIs) measures the prices acknowledged by producers. This differs from the CPI in that price subsidization, income, and taxes may cause the amount acknowledged by the producer to differ from what the buyer paid. Producer price inflation measures the pressure being put on producers by the costs of their raw materials. This could be passed on as consumer inflation, or it could be absorbed by profits, or offset by increasing productivity (Haq Hussain, 2008). Commodity Price Indices (CPI) measures the price of a selection of commodities. In the present commodity price indices are weighted by the relative importance of the components to the all in cost of an employee (Haq Hussain, 2008). GDP Deflator GDP deflator is a measure of the price of all the goods and services included in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Haq Hussain, 2008). Capital Goods Price Index So far (CGPI) has not been established, where as several economists have recently pointed out the necessity of measuring capital goods inflation (inflation in the price of stocks, real estate, and other assets) separately. Indeed a given increase in the supply of money can lead to a rise in inflation (consumption goods inflation) and or to a rise in capital goods price inflation. The growth in money supply has remained fairly constant through since the 1970s however consumption goods price inflation has been reduced because most of the inflation has happened in the capital goods prices, Haq Hussain (2008), where as there are two common known measures widely reported in many countries, i.e. CPI and GDP Deflator. The above chart shows the trade of world developed countries in terms of exports and imports, the amount is in US billion dollars, the next chart is of inflation of the developed countries of the world, the purpose is to compare and analyze the countries inflation rate and trade in order to examine the impact caused by inflation on countries trade. As it can be seen that each country has different impact of inflation on its imports and exports, for instance Australia inflation rate was 2.30% in year 2007 where as its exports were 142 billion dollars and its imports were 160 billion dollars, similarly for Canada its inflation rate was 2.10% and its exports were 431.1 billion dollars and its imports were 386.4 billion dollars, therefore if a comparison is made between these countries it can be seen that every country has a different impact of inflation on its trade, hence it can be said that the reason for this difference of change is the size of countrys economic and financial structure. Tariff A tariff is a tax forced on an imported or exported commodities. In general dialect, however, it has come to mean import duties charged at the time goods are imported (Parkin, 1996). According to Japans customs tariff law a tariff a tax based on the standard of assessment of prices or volume of imported goods (Tariff, 2010). Functions of Tariff There are three major functions of tariffs: To serve as a basis of income; To protect domestic industries; and To remedy trade distortions (corrective function) (Functions of Tariff, 2010). The Income Function The income function simply means that the income from tariffs provides governments with a source of tax revenue. In the past, the income function was indeed a major reason for applying tariffs, for instance Japan generates about 845 billion yen in tariff revenue per year, which represents approximately 1.9 percent of total tax revenue (Meti, 2010). Protection of Domestic Industries Tariffs are also used as a policy tool to protect domestic industries from competition of importing goods, as well as tariffs are also used as a source of protection of market access from foreign exporters (Meti, 2010). Remedy to Trade Distortions Corrective tariffs are used as a remedy for trade distortions caused by companies to injure domestic industry, for instance anti-dumping agreement is used to impose duties on companies exporting goods that are specifically banned and cause damage to domestic industry of importing country (Meti, 2010). Remittance Remittance can be defined as sums of money that a migrant worker sends back to his or her country of origin (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). Remittance plays a vital source of income for developing country economies, as well as millions of individual households, predominantly poor women and their children. Unlike aid or concealed investment flows, remittance reaches the poor directly, and the poor decide how the money is spent. Importantly, remittance services also offer a means for monetary institutions to increase their outreach and significance to poor clients (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). For instance the largest remitting countries in terms of volume are the United States with remittances amounting to $28.4 billion, Saudi Arabia with remittances amounting to $15.1 billion and Germany with remittances amounting to $8.2 billion (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). In the study, Ratha (2003), it was found that more than three-quarters of remittances go to lower mid-income and low income developing countries. India receives the largest volume of remittance mounting to $10 billion, then Mexico with $9.9 billion, followed by the Philippines with $6.4 billion (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). Exchange Rate The price of one countrys currency expressed in another countrys currency. In other words, the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. For instance, the higher the exchange rate for one euro in terms of oneyen,the lower the relative value of the yen (Investopedia , 2010). Exchange Rate and Trade Exchange rate is one of the important factors in an open economy since it affects so many business, investment and strategic decisions. Various empirical studies have been conducted to assess the influence of exchange rate on trade balance, with the objective of providing valuable inputs to policy makers on the usefulness of exchange rate policy such as devaluation-based alteration policies (effected through nominal exchange rate) to balance a countrys foreign trade for instance, Greenwood (1984), Himarios (1989), Rose Yellen (1989) provided the evidence of relationship between exchange rate and trade balance. In a study, Oskooee (2001) stated that appreciation of exchange rate directly affects a country trade as it can be used as an effort to increase international competitiveness and help to improve its trade balance. On the other hand it was also reported in the study that depreciation of exchange rate increases exports by making exports fairly cheaper, and daunt imports by making imports fairly more expensive, thus improving trade balance(Liew, Lim, Hussain, 2000). Japan and ASEAN A study conducted using trade balance data from year 1986 to 1999 between Japan and 5 ASEAN countries to examine the impact of exchange rate on countries trade balance. It was found in the study that the role of exchange rate changes in initiating changes in the trade balances has been overstated. It is widely expected that the decrease of ASEAN-5 exchange rates with respect to Japanese yen would improve these economies trade balances with Japan during the sample period of study (Liew, Lim, Hussain, 2000). Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product is the value of collective or total production of goods and services in a country during a given time period (Parkins, 1996). Measures of GDP There are two common measures of GDP namely: Expenditure Approach. Factor Income Approach. Expenditure Approach In expenditure approach the GDP is measured by adding consumption expenditure, investment, government purchase of goods and services and net exports (Parkins, 1996). Factor Income Approach In factor income approach the GDP is measured by adding all the incomes paid by the firms to household for the services of factor of production, for example compensation of employees, net interest, rental income, and profits paid for entrepreneurship (Parkins, 1996). Chapter 2 Literature Review Transportation Cost Europe A comparative study, Conlon (1981), was conducted in 1981 between Australia and Canada to investigate the role of transportation cost as a trade barrier in trade flow of both the countries. It was found in the study that in Australia nominal transport costs contribute over 40 per cent of the trade barrier in its trade flow, where as in Canada transport costs provide over 17 per cent of the total barriers. In the study by, Casas choi (1985), it was found that transportation cost being the trade barrier has two affects on the country economy 1) implicit tariff effect, 2) resource cost effect. The Implicit Cost Effect In the implicit cost effect, Casas choi (1985) an increase in transportation costs affects the trade flows by increasing the domestic comparative price of the imported goods. Resource Cost Effect In the resource cost effect, Casas choi (1985) an increase in transportation cost, shifts productive resources from traded goods to the transport sector, i.e. in case of increase in transportation cost, the resources used to produce goods domestically were allocated for payments of transportation bills due to which production of domestic goods suffered. United Kingdom Similarly an empirical study, Binkley Harrer (1981), conducted in the United Kingdom to examine the role of transportation cost as trade barrier, it was found that Transportation costs between countries pose a formidable barrier to trade, similar to other trade barriers such as tariffs. This study was further supported by the study of Sampson and Yeats in which it was concluded that transport costs to be a more significant trade barrier for United Kingdom exports than tariffs, (Sampson Yeats: Binkley: 1978 Harrer: 1981). Similarly another study conducted in the United Kingdom also concluded that transportation cost is more effective trade barrier as compared to tariffs (Sampson yeats, 1978: Binkley Harrer: 1981). United States A similar study by, Finger Yeats (1976), conducted in the United States gave the similar conclusion that that effective shield through international transportation costs is at least as high as that due to tariffs, Geraci Prewo (1977). In a study it was concluded by the author that progressive reduction in the transportation cost resulted in the growth of trade between United States and Europe, Shiue (2002). Similarly another study conducted in the United States also concluded that transportation cost is more effective trade barrier. Africa A study conducted in Africa to examine the effect of transportation cost on African trade, the results indicated that there is a very little trade flow within the Africa and the rest of the world, due to strict trade policies, for example according to, Collier (1995), Collier Gunning (1999), Limà £o and Venables (2001), There is a common belief that Africa trades too little both with itself and with the rest of the world. The poor performance is typically attributed to protectionist trade policies and high transport costs. Similarly another study concluded that the reason behind the low trade is the poor infrastructure and inappropriate transport policies (Amjadi Yeats 1995: Limà £o Venables, 2001). Australia A study conducted in Australia, Sampson Yeats (1977) to identify the trade barriers causing decline in Australian exports, it was found in the study that transportation cost is a major contributor to decline in export as compared to tariffs, in other words it can be said that 66 percent of the total Australian exports are decline due to transportation cost. China A study conducted in china by studying various trends in trade barriers, the purpose of the study was to identify trade barriers affecting Chinese exports, and it was found in the study that transportation cost is a major trade barrier as compared to tariffs and local markups (Li, 2007). Tanzania An empirical study, Kweka (2001) conducted for developing countries such as Tanzania it was found in the study that transportation cost as a trade barrier have two impacts on the economy: It reduces the export competitiveness, Kweka (2001), since the cost incurred by the producer and cost paid by the buyer is widens by the high transportation cost. In other words it can be said that due to the increase in transportation cost most of the export orders to developing countries such as Tanzania are declined. The second impact, Kweka (2001) on the economy of developing countries is a positive impact, due to high transportation cost the trade of locally produced goods increases, this is due to the fact that the gap between the prices of locally produce goods and imported goods become so wide that it becomes nearly impossible for the people of importing country to buy imported goods as a result 95 percent of the purchases are made off locally produce goods. Ultimately leading a growth in the overall economy. Tariff There are number of studies conducted to examine the impact of tariff as a trade barrier, for instance in a study it has been found that tariff and capital controls lead to trade deformation. Where as on the other hand it has also been that found tariff barriers in the importing countries tend to have a negative, though insignificant, effect on exports of countries (T. Tamirisa, 1999). Another study examining the impact of tariff as barrier on trade found that tariff has a significant negative effect on mutual exports, in part because of significant trade cost, where as in presence of tariff barrier the impact on imports is comparatively weak (T. Tamirisa, 1999). One more study examining the impact of tariff as a barrier in trade found that tariff is one of the significant factor of mutual trade in-between countries, as compared to country size wealth, exchange and capital controls, while tariff rate significantly reduce export of developing and transition economy (T. Tamirisa, 1999). A study conducted to examine the relationship between trade barriers and trade flow. The study identified number of barriers such as exchange control, tariff, NTBs, it has been found that tariff is one of the major trade barrier as compared to exchange control and NTBs. The study also concluded that tariff with other barriers of trade tend to reduce the volume of trade, as well as tariff alone have a depressing impact on the mutual trade of countries (Lee Swagel, 1997). The study also provided the evidence that country having bi-lateral trade is affected by tariff charges as a result it does not only have a strong negative effect imports but it acts as a substantial barrier to export also. Final study concluded that tariff act as a barrier to both imports and exports of a country (Lee Swagel, 1997). Another study conducted in year 1993 by lee to examine the distortion caused by tariff in international trade found that tariffs charges lower the long-run growth rates more significantly in a country that needs to import more under a free trade regime. As well as government intervention in terms of imposing a tariff on the imports of foreign goods leads to the increase in price paid by the domestic purchaser i.e. (1 + 7) times the price received by foreign exporters (lee, 1993). Therefore it can be said that, tariff has two effects on the economy, namely the deformation of resource distribution and the transfer of income, distortion effect of tariffs always decrease the steady-state levels of the capital stock, output, and consumption. Where as transfer of income help to retain the income earned through exports within the country, in presence of tariff where as in absence of tariff same income earned through export is used to settle import bills. On the other hand the study also concluded that when the tariff rates are high, the productivity of public input diminishes; thus, higher tariffs always lead to lower growth rates (lee, 1993). Empirical studies have found that tariff liberalization would transfer trade from the rich to the poor and from the local to the global. It has been estimated that the elimination of tariffs would create more trade for poor countries than for richer countries. They also imply that tariff elimination would divert trade away from continental preferential trading areas (lai zhu, 2004). The study provided the evidence that tariffs, and distance-related barriers and production costs are important factors affecting bilateral trade flow, where as tariff being the major element affecting the trade flow (lai zhu, 2004). For instance the trade among OECD countries is free form tariff charges where as non OECD countries have the highest tariff charges. As a result, the impact of tariffs on trade within OECD countries is likely less than 3.7% whereas the impact of tariffs on trade among non-OECD countries likely exceeds 3.7% (lai zhu, 2004). Population There are number of studies conducted to examine the impact of population on trade. These studies discussed various questions regarding the benefits of openness of trade between countries for instance, who gains from an opening of the borders between two neighboring countries? Will any country lose as borders are opened? Is it the small country or the large country that benefits most? (Shachmurove Spiegel, 2004) It is general perception that countries with large populations having no trade tend to have larger profits at the expense of consumers i.e. since there is no foreign producer in the country all the profits earned through production is solely taken by the country it self in simple words it can be said monopoly. Where as if the same country having trade with other countries or foreign producers are trading in the country tends to reduce its profits, as part of the profit is taken by foreign exporter. On the other hand keeping the same scenario for a country with small population tend to have lower profits in the absence of trade and it will further see a decline in its profits with the presence of foreign producer (Shachmurove Spiegel, 2004). There are number of studies conducted that provided the evidence that countries having population aging problems have direct impact on the country trade, for instance a study by, Kenc Sayan (2001), showed that changes in age composition of population are likely to affect saving and expenditure patterns, the resulting changes in composition of demand are expected to affect comparative prices between expenditure and investment goods. On the supply side, the decline in labor supply and the slow down in capital formation associated with population aging had cause changes in capital-labor ratios. As a result it alters relative factor prices and leads to second-round effects on resource allocation. Furthermore, since the changes in the relative capital intensities across traded and non-traded sectors affect real exchange rates and trade patterns, they are expected to create additional effects on partner country economies as well (Sayan Uyar, 2002). On the other hand if the countries experiencing population aging are large in the international trade, where as their partners are small and have not yet faced a population aging problem themselves. In other words, commodities and capital traded at the terms set by large economies may make these small countries vulnerable to the effects of population aging even if they have relatively young populations (Sayan Uyar, 2002). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) There are number of studies conducted to examine the impact of gross domestic product (GDP) on trade (imports exports) of a country, for instance a study conducted using gravity equation to examine the impact of gdp on exports of a country, the study classified the sample into three categories a) homogeneous goods, b) differentiated goods, and c) an in-between category (Feenstra, Markusen Rose, 2001). It found in the study that if a trade of one country with another move from homogeneous goods to differentiated goods, then the stretch of exports with respect to GDP rises considerably (Feenstra, Markusen Rose, 2001). The finding of the study is empirically strong and significant both economically and statistically, as well as the study also stated that the GDP of the exporting country is found to be a powerful illustrative variable in the comparative strength of bilateral trade relations (Feenstra, Markusen Rose, 2001). Another study conducted in India to examine the impact of various economic variables such as (distance, GDP, population, tariff, and exchange rate) on Indian trade flows. Previous studies have also been conducted using gravity model to examine the impact of economic variables on trade flows, it was reported in the previous studies that distance has a negative and significant impact on trade where as GDP and population have a positive and significant impact on trade flows (Srinivasan Archana, 2008). Likewise the previous studies, the study conducted in India reported the similar findings, i.e. larger distance reduces mutual trade and a larger GDP and population of the trading countries increase trade. It was also found in the study that size of the economy is an important influential factor explaining the inflow and outflow of goods and services. A study similar to previous studies was conducted to examine the impact of gdp on trade flows of a country. The study supported the findings of the previous studies that tariff barrier of importing country have a negative and significant impact on exporting countries, where as the study also reported that the larger gdp and population have a positive impact on bilateral exports of countries (Tamirisa, 1999). A study conducted by, Ghartey (1993), using economic data of three countries (United States, Japan and Taiwan) to examine the impact of gdp of each country on its trade flows, it was found in the study that United states GDP promoted its exports, where as for Japan and Taiwan the impact was opposite (Chen, 2009). Similarly another study conducted by, Jung Marshall (1985), to examine the relationship between GDP and exports, the study used thirty one years of GDP and exports data from year 1950 to year 1981 for 37 developing countries, it was found in the study that there is no relationship between GDP and exports of 37 developing countries except Israel (Chen, 2009). China A study conducted in china by, Shen (1999) to examine the relationship between exports and GDP, the study used twenty one years of exports and GDP data from year 1977 to year 1998, the study found that there is a short term relationship between the Chinese GDP and exports, where there is no long term relationship between the two variables (Chen, 2009). Pakistan A study conducted in Pakistan to examine the impact of GDP on Pakistan trade flows, it was found in the study that an increase in GDP i.e. increase in domestic income results in increase in imports, for instance a one-percent increase in Pakistan GDP increases imports from US and Japan by an equivalent percent. Where as if compared to UK and Germany the trade flow is positive and small but not significant (Akhtar Malik, 2000). Inflation What exactly is inflation? A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services. Inflation occurs when the price level rises from one period to the next (Robinson, 2007). The Impact of Inflation on International Trade A study conducted in U.S, Robinson (2007) to investigate the impact of inflation on international trade and small business. It was found that inflation creates uncertainty that discourages productive activity, savings and investing and ultimately reduces the competitiveness of a country in international trade. It was also found that if inflation is not offset by a nation with a less valuable currency, the U.S.s exports become more expensive and less attractive. This makes other countries imports more attractive. As a result this forms an economy of unbalanced trade with more reduced U.S. economy and international trade (Robinson, 2007). Inflation has many disadvantages; it creates uncertainty, in that people do not know what the money they earn today buy tomorrow. This uncertainty discourages productive activity, saving and investing. Inflation reduces the competitiveness of the country in international trade. If inflation is not offset by a nation with a less valuable currency, the U.S.s exports become more expensive and less attractive. This makes other countries imports more attractive. This forms an economy of unbalanced trade which results in a much more reduced U.S. economy (Robinson, 2007). Inflation and Trade A study conducted, Fitoussi (2007), to investigate the impact of inflation on trade found that in the last 15 years or so, disinflation and the increase of world trade seem to have gone hand in hand. It was found that in the past three decades a downward trend in inflation caused an inward trend in world trade (Fitoussi, 2007). The first fact that can be observed is that the past three decades were characterized both by an upward trend in world trade (measured as exports over GDP) and a downward trend in inflation (measured as yearly change in CPI) (Fitoussi, 2007). Remittances In general remittances are defined as a portion of the earnings a migrant sends to relatives back home, IMF (2010). It has been estimated that workers migrated to different countries send home between US$ 2000 to US$ 5000 a year, i.e. in terms of percentage around 20% to 30% of their income. It has been found in the previous researches that poor countries receive larger amount of remittances as compared to high income countries for instance In 2007, the top three recipients of remittances India, China, and Mexico-each received over $25 billion. But smaller and poorer countries tend to receive relatively larger remittances when the size of the economy is taken into account. Expressing remittances as a share of GDP, the top recipients were Tajikistan (36 percent), Moldova (36 percent), Tonga (32 percent) and Kyrgyz Republic (27percent). Remittances as a share of GDP amounted to 3.6 percent of GDP in low-income countries in 2006 compared to 1.7 percent in middle-income countries (Ratha Mohapatra, 2007). Numbers of studies have been conducted to examine the impact of remittances on the trade of a country; these studies provided a mix of evidence regarding the impact of remittances on countries trade, for instance some studies provided the evidence that remittances can improve a countrys creditworthiness and thereby enhance its access to international capital markets for financing infrastructure and other development projects, in other words it can be said that increase in inflow of remittances increase the foreign reserves of a country, hence it enhances the ability of a country to meet its foreign trade obligations (paying of import bills). This enhancement of country ability indicates a sign of increase in its economic activity as a result it attracts foreign investors and foreign export orders (Ratha Mohapatra, 2007). For instance the ratio of debt to exports of goods and services, a key indebtedness indicator, would increase significantly if remittances were excluded from the denominator. Exchange Rate Turkey A study conducted, Vergil (2001), to investigate the impact of exchange rate volatility on Turkish trade flows comprising on 10 years data from year 1990 to year 2000. It was found in the study that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on Turkish trade flows. Africa A study conducted to analyze the impact of exchange rate volatility on African countries trade flows. The study used 33 sub-Saharan African countries exchange rate macro-economic performance indicators data. It was found in the study that exchange rates contributed a great deal towards Africas poor economic performance, Ghura Grennes (1993), i.e. overvaluation in exchange rate resulted in lower level of exports, lower level of real GDP per Capita and lower level of Savings (Shatz Tarr: 1990). G-7 Countries A study conducted by international monetary fund to investigate the impact of exchange fluctuation on world trade, in the study the G-7 countries trade was taken as world trade. The purpose of the study was to compare the results of IMF 1984 study a

Disability and Child

CYP3. 7 Understand how to support positive outcomes for children and young people. 1. 1 Social factors †¢ Lack of social/friendship networks. Children need friendships to develop their interaction, emotional understanding, empathy and social skills. Children who lack these networks tend to feel isolated and therefore isolate themselves more. They may suffer insecurities about themselves and be withdrawn and shy. They may struggle to communicate, share and understand the needs and feelings of others. As they grow older the insecurities may lead to self-hatred and self-harm.They will lack people to confide in or go to for advice. They may find themselves drawn into ‘the wrong crowd’ because they seem welcoming, and as a result find themselves manipulated. †¢ Poor parental supervision/neglect. Without guidance children do not learn the correct ways to behave. This will cause them to come into conflict at school because they do not know or understand acceptable bou ndaries. They may be unaware of the dangers they can face in life. They may have a distorted view of their own abilities and may believe that they are allowed to do what they want because they are never prevented.They may believe they are unloved, unimportant and unvalued and as they grow older this could lead to depression and self-harm. The lack of boundaries could result in them becoming involved in crime and anti-social behaviour. Neglect could lead to health problems through malnutrition. They may struggle to form social relationships because of their lack of personal hygiene. Poor clothing could lead to bullying and teasing, causing them to withdraw and become isolated. †¢ Illness/disabilityIf the child suffers from illness or disability they may find they frequently miss school, they may then miss large chunks of their education and struggle to achieve. It may cause them to miss out on activities such as sports, which could leave them feeling isolated. These feelings cou ld develop into anger or resentment and may cause them to have behavioural problems. They may be misjudged as lacking intelligence and therefore not given challenges, leading to boredom and perceived disruptive behaviour. If the child is the carer of a parent suffering illness or disability this can lead to emotional difficulties.The child may struggle to understand the role reversal they are experiencing, viewing themselves as being on a par with adults and more mature than their peers, resulting in them struggling to form friendships. They may become resentful at missing out on their childhood and present challenging behaviour. They may suffer anxiety whilst away from home and worry about their parent, resulting in a failure to engage in their education. They may not fulfil their potential in life as much of it will be dedicated to being a carer. Having a parent with a long term illness or disability could also lead to financial hardship due to lack of employment. Criminal or anti –social behaviour Whether it is behaviour presented by the child, a sibling or parent it could result in the child being taken into care. A parent could be absent for a length of time, if imprisoned, causing emotional stress. The child may perceive the behaviour as normal or acceptable, especially if it is being carried out by the parents and copy it. It may result in a transient lifestyle, as they could be re-housed as a result of anti-social behaviour. This would result in the child suffering a disrupted education and struggling to form long term stable friendships. †¢ AddictionsThe impact of addictions on children can be various. They can suffer health problems, if their mother had a drug or alcohol problem during pregnancy. They may suffer poverty due to lack of employment, or if the addiction is gambling. They may suffer from neglect, abuse or/and violence. If they have younger siblings they may find themselves responsible for their care and therefore may suffer st ress and feel isolated. They may feel scared and find it difficult to speak to people for fear of getting in trouble or going into care. They may ultimately find themselves in care if the addictions result in their parents being unable to care for them.They may become involved in crime to support their family. At school they may be disruptive or withdrawn, have mood swings and outbursts of violence. †¢ Parental separation This can leave a child feeling very insecure and frightened. They may become quiet and withdrawn. They may become very emotional, clingy and tearful or become violent and abusive. They may feel angry, let down and abandoned. Their work and concentration at school may suffer as a result of any stress and worry they may be feeling. They may suffer poverty as a result of a fall in the household income.They may suffer a dramatic change in lifestyle that leaves them confused. Economic and Environmental factors †¢ Poverty This can result from low income, unempl oyment, parental separation, illness or disability, addictions, or criminal activities. Children may suffer malnutrition or a poor diet as a result of their parents being unable to afford quality food. This could result in lack of concentration or poor performance at school. They could also suffer other health related issues. They may be the subject of bullying as a result of their clothing or because they do not have the latest ‘must have’ accessories.They will probably miss out on further education due to the costs involved, or as a result of the need to find employment to help support the family. †¢ Poor housing One of the side effects of poverty is poor housing. People on low income are often dependent on local authority housing. This may result in overcrowding, for example being housed in a bedsit or home with insufficient bedrooms. This means the child has no privacy, or personal space. They may struggle with homework and course work because of the lack of a quiet space in which to complete it.The housing provided may be of a poor quality – suffering damp or be in disrepair. This could have a detrimental effect on the child’s health – causing asthma or frequent colds and coughs. It will probably be in a less desirable area or could be in an area with social disorder problems. This may result in the children becoming isolated, as their parents may be fearful of letting them out to play or they may themselves become involved in anti-social behaviour and criminal activities. †¢ Lack of academic achievement Children whose parents have had a poor education or lack numeracy and literacy skills can struggle at school.Their parents may show little or no interest in their education and as a result they may also lose interest. The parents may not attend school progress meetings so they will have little understanding of their child’s achievements and therefore the child will not receive praise and encouragement to continue. The parents will struggle to support the child in homework and coursework and the child will therefore struggle. This may cause them to get in trouble as a result of uncompleted assignments. They might ‘fail’ in their education, as a result, and struggle to get employment as an adult.Cultural factors †¢ Religious beliefs and customs Children may have to attend a school associated with their religion, and may therefore receive a less balanced education. They may struggle to understand other people’s religion or lifestyle choices, if it goes against what they are taught. This may leave them confused or feeling isolated and struggling to interact with the wider community. They may also experience or witness abuse on the grounds of their religious beliefs and customs, leaving them not only confused and isolated but fearful. †¢ Ethnic and cultural customsChildren may have different forms of attire, causing them to be teased or bullied. Their cultur e may view interaction between men and women in a different way and the children will struggle to recognise what is acceptable at school as it differs to home. This could cause them to come into conflict with school rules or to be perceived as a trouble maker. †¢ Transient lifestyle The child and their family could move around frequently; for example they may come from Gypsy Roma Traveller community. This means their education will be inconsistent and interrupted.They will be unable to form close friendships and lack a support network outside their close family and community. Although dealt with separately, many of these factors are interconnected; unemployment or low income can lead to poor housing. Poor housing can lead to health problems, which can lead to frequent school absences. They will not only affect the child’s present lifestyle and health, but also their future, right through to adulthood. This pattern could then continue into the lives of their children. Wit hout support and intervention, they and their families could find themselves trapped in a cycle of disadvantage. . 2 Poverty is on the agenda of the Every Child Matters framework, with one of the outcomes stating that every child should achieve wealth and economic well-being. This means it is important to ensure that children experiencing poverty have the same opportunities as their peers. Impact of poverty can be: Low income: This can mean that children may not have the same advantages of there more wealthier peers. Poor housing: This could lead to ill health due to unacceptable standards within the home. Ill Health: Not having access to the correct food and warm clothing could affect health.Low academic achievement: This could come due to there not being such an emphasis on the importance to learn or support brackets within the home. Low Self-esteem: Children could have a low self-esteem due to the above factors. 1. 3 In accordance with Article 13 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child, the outcomes of the Governments Every Child Matters framework and the Early Years Foundation Stage, children should be provisioned for by ensuring that children are involved and engaged with, allowing them to be heard, to make decisions, contribute their experiences and be supported and safeguarded throughout their development.Even from an early age, children’s choices, even simple ones, can have an impact on their life chances and outcomes such as choosing which toys to play with at pre-school or which friends to play with, a child may develop a friendship with another child who is perhaps a bit louder and boisterous and may display unwanted behaviour, this choice of friend may have a negative impact on the child's behaviour at home or in other settings they move onto.Whilst the child has the right to choose their friends, it is our responsibility to involve the child in setting expectations of their behaviour and help them to make a positive contri bution, which is one of the outcomes of the ECM framework. Children and young people throughout their lives will make choices such as whether to eat healthily or unhealthily or start smoking or drinking, as any early years setting we ensure that we offer healthy snacks and meals, we involve the children in activities and discussions about the importance of healthy living but there will come a point where they can choose for themselves.If a child/young person chooses to eat unhealthily this will have a negative impact on their wellbeing, they could become overweight, develop diabetes and it could exclude them from taking part in activities, this could continue and have a negative knock on effect throughout their lives perhaps causing them to suffer low self-esteem and become withdrawn from social situations. A child may be raised in an environment where they are allowed to play violent computer games or have families who are in trouble with the police.These experiences could have a n egative impact on the way the child/young person develops and integrates into society, they may choose to act the same way and get in trouble or they may not like what they have experienced and choose not to. 2. 1 All practitioners should be striving to achieve the 5 outcomes of the Every Child Matters framework: †¢ Be Healthy †¢ Stay Safe †¢ Enjoy and Achieve †¢ Make a Positive Contribution †¢ Achieve Economic Wellbeing By following the 4 EYFS themes we can see how they link into the ECM Framework.EYFS Theme Supporting Principles Every Child Matters Unique Child 1. 1 Child Development Make a positive contribution 1. 2 Inclusive Practice Make a positive contribution 1. 3 Keeping Safe Stay Safe 1. 4 Health and Well-being Be Healthy Positive Relationships 2. 1 Respecting Each Other Make a positive contribution 2. 2 Parents as Partners Make a positive contribution 2. 3 Supporting Learning Make a positive contribution 2. 4 Key Person Stay Safe Enabling Environme nts 3. 1 Observation, Assessment and Planning Enjoy and Achieve 3. 2 Supporting Every Child Enjoy and Achieve . 3 The Learning Environment Enjoy and Achieve 3. 4 The Wider Context Make a positive contribution Learning and Development 4. 1 Play and Exploration Enjoy and Achieve 4. 2 Active Learning Enjoy and Achieve 4. 3 Creativity and Critical Thinking Enjoy and Achieve 4. 4 Areas of Learning and Development Enjoy and Achieve Be Healthy – this also includes how our health is affected by our social, mental, emotional and physical well-being. The Government has a focus on healthy living for children. At my setting we provide healthy snacks for the children.We also promote healthy choices, talk about healthy hearts and activities that teach them an active lifestyle. Stay Safe – we ensure children in our care are safeguarded. We have a robust safeguarding policy. Children know they can talk to any member of staff if they do not feel safe and they know they will be listened to. Enjoy and Achieve – we observe children so we understand their needs and can then plan more accurately for individual children. Make a Positive Contribution – we are continually assessing and developing our policies to ensure we are always making positive contributions to children’s development.Achieve Economic Well-being – by ensuring we follow all the EYFS and Every Child Matters we are ensuring all children have the best start in life and can go on into adulthood and achieve economic well-being. 2. 2 Recognising that everyone is unique is a first step for seeing the importance. Each child and young person will have a differing set of needs, requirements and barriers that can prevent them accessing ways of achieving success. It is also important to design services around needs because it makes best use of the money available, it targets the services properly, so doesn't waste time or resources.Putting the child at the centre means, rather than it b eing about adults and what they want, it is actually about what the child NEEDS. Key issues when designing services to meet children and young people’s needs are: Careful preparation Collaboration of different services Ensuring an up-to-date directory of services available Collaboration between services, children, young adults and parents Integrating information from different services Flexibility in working together Managing change effectively Communication and consultationOutreach – enabling access by visiting rural communities and making home visits Understanding the importance of networking between services. 2. 3 When it comes to children's participation it is rare to see involvement of children below the age of 8 years. Yet, very young children have the same rights to participation as any other children and they should be equally involved in matters that affect them. Even a two year old child can be meaningfully involved in decision making. Take the example of a p arent who prepares the clothes for her son to wear that day.It may well be that the boy says, ‘I don't like this, I want to wear that! ‘ The mother could then look at what the boy would like to wear and decide whether the clothes will suit the weather conditions. When they do, she could say, ‘okay, fine, you can wear those clothes instead. ‘ When the weather does not permit to wear the clothes the boy has identified, the mother should explain to her son that the clothes are either too hot/or too thin to wear given the circumstances. She can explain what the implications will be when he would wear the clothes he wants – catching a cold for example.This is a clear and simple example of children's involvement in decision making – in this case with a very young child. It typically happens within the family environment, it is not ‘a big thing' but it may well be important for the child's development. The boy has been given an opportunity to be involved in a decision that affects him, he has been given choices, he has received information that will help him understand the implications of his choice. It also shows how the best interest of the child may play a role in such decisions – i. e. he mother's concern about her son's health in his choice of clothes to wear. 2. 4 To support children/young people to make personal choices and experiences according to age, needs and abilities we as providers must allow them to express their own thoughts, views and opinions and most importantly listen to them. We must also offer constructive and fair advice appropriate to the age and stage of the child i. e. when a child reaches adolescent you would then think about some form of sex education where as you wouldn’t need to do this with children in the early years.To make advice fair you also need to put your own opinions and experiences to side and concentrate on delivering the facts in a positive way so that the child can t hen make positive decisions to do with the matter in hand. We can also aid them in completing activities that will allow them to make decisions and make choices and be there to support throughout process of decisions making and when things may go wrong. Also by providing the right environment we are enabling children to make choices that have a positive impact on their future lives. To provide the right environment we provide: ExplorationExperimentation Problem solving Take risks safely Variety of activities Accessible resources Resources to meet individual interest and needs Language an interaction Welcome to families of all cultures and religions Places to rest and eat An outdoor learning environment that is challenging ad promotes learning. 3. 1 The potential impact of disability on outcomes and life chances of children and young people are that it can affect the person’s ability to perform normal day-to-day activities, but each child I affected differently by their impair ment or condition.If a physical disability it may compromise the child’s healthy development and disrupt their educational experiences and if adults focus on what is ‘wrong’ with a child or young person and what they can’t do, rather than on what they can do and are already achieving, and their potential to develop, learn and progress, then the child’s emotional well-being may be affected by poor self-esteem. Children with learning difficulties or disabilities with emotional or social development may affect children’s all round progress.Families with a disabled child or young person often experience financial difficulties which may restrict children’s opportunities in life – not only that of the disabled child but of their siblings as well. This may result in relationships within families may be destabilised by the stresses of caring for a disabled child. 3. 2 It is important to have positive attitudes towards disability and spe cific requirements as it is possible to avoid or reduce the impact of their impairment so that the person can have opportunities to make choices, develop to their potential, become independent and play a full part in society.Also, if practitioners have positive attitudes about their capacity to provide for disabled children’s requirements, and are ready to learn new skills such as sign language or using the Makaton system (which we use already), then the children have greater opportunities for making developmental progress. 3. 3 Social model of disability – recognises that discrimination against disabled people is created by society, not by disabled people’s impairment’s. It looks at ways to address issues to enable people to achieve their potential, by looking at ways to adapt the environment so the child can feel included this is very important.The social model has been constructed by disabled people and by listening to what disabled people want and to remove any barriers, which may be in their way. By removing barriers and adapting the environment you are allowing children and young people chances to achieve and learn which promotes confidence and self-esteem. Medical model of disability – this treats the person as a sick patient and tends to focus on ‘How can we make this person more normal? By labelling a child because of their disability can prevent us from seeing the child as a whole person like their gender, culture and social background the medical models is a traditional view of disability and that through medical intervention the person can be cured where in fact in most cases there is no cure. They expect disabled people to change to fit into society. By adjusting our environment to suit the needs of the child and appropriate resources and facilities are provided it allows the child to be confident also we focus on what the child can do and not on what they can’t do (social).We don’t think of c hildren, as special needs we think of them as children with specific or additional needs. In my setting we aim to give all children the same opportunities and children are not singled out because they have different needs for example all though some children require 1:1 support we don’t remove them from their peers the child will still work in his or her group but they will get extra support. Low expectations about the potential of a disabled child or being over protective can limit what they achieve.It’s important that we have positive attitudes about what requirements we provide so children can have opportunities for making developmental progress (social). We have one child at our setting that suffers from multiple impairment’s. The child is registered blind but can see vaguely so we do have to make sure that walkways are clear and as she is of adolescent age we have had to purchase foldable tables for her height, for her to eat off (social). I don’t th ink that the medical model of disability impacts on our practice a great deal but I know the child does have medical care for her disability that will never be fully cured (medical). . 4 Different types of support available are * Speech and language therapy- they will usually work in partnership with parents, teachers and support staff and anyone else who has regular contact with the child and provide training and coaching sessions and provide them with ideas and strategies to put into place to help promote the child’s speech. I myself have sat in on a session with a child in our setting when the speech therapist came to have a meeting with a child and she gave us advice sheets on how best to help the child with his speech including picture cards with words on. Support from health professionals’ additional learning support- a child who has a disability like Down syndrome may need extra support in a setting to help them learn. A child with epilepsy is likely to require regular monitoring from health professionals and medication, which needs to be adjusted appropriately. * Assistive technology- these would be anything which will help someone for example wheelchairs, hearing aids, walking frames and for a child who is blind you could use software which reads text from a screen. There are many different aids available for children and adults to help them with everyday tasks. Specialised services – There are many specialized services i. e. special educational needs coordinator, physio therapist, speech therapists, school nurse, social services. These services are available in order to provide the right care for the child. 4. 1 Equality – each individual in society experiences opportunities to achieve and flourish which are as good as the opportunities experienced by other people. Diversity – the differences between individuals and groups in society arising from gender, ethnic origins, social, cultural or religious background, fami ly structure, disabilities, sexuality and appearance.Inclusion – a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers to participation and belonging. The meaning of these in the context of the positive outcomes for children and young people: Being healthy – Equality – each child should have the same opportunity to lead a healthy lifestyle. Diversity – individuals in the society may have different methods of being healthy, i. e. exercise regimes, and dietary requirements. Inclusion – accepting the child’s and families view on how they stay healthy and helping any child to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Stay safe – Equality – each child should feel safe in their surroundings. Diversity – people may of different views on the level of safety. Inclusion – understanding what makes the child feel safe and maintaining that feeling for the child. Enjoying and achieving – Equality – each child shou ld have the same opportunities to enjoy and achieve as others. Diversity – parents or carers may have different views on what they want their children to achieve and/or what they should be enjoying, i. e. stereotyping –boys do boys things and girls do girls things.Inclusion – each child should have the opportunity to enjoy and achieve no matter their stage of development, making sure children who need more guidance and support get it. Make a positive contribution – Equality – every child should have the opportunity to make a positive contribution no matter what type of contribution and how big or small. Diversity – every child’s input will be different. Inclusion – children’s input, no matter how varied should be acknowledged. Achieve economic well-being –Equality – treating each child equal no matter what economic status they come from. Diversity – each child lives a different life, whether it be ec onomic status, health and disabilities, family background, religion etc. Inclusion – no matter what diverse factors affect the child’s life each child should have the opportunity to achieve economic well-being in their own life. 4. 2 Social services – social workers that work with children aim to support children in need of protection as a result of any form of abuse or neglect.Also for children who need additional services in order to reach a reasonable standard of health and development (for example children with disabilities) and for children who need to be provided with care because they cannot live with their own parents. Speech therapists – Speech and Language Therapists ( SLT) work with parents/carers and others to assess if a child has speech and/or language difficulties, communication or eating and drinking difficulties. The therapist will consider the difficulties the child has and the impact these will have on his/her life.If appropriate the th erapist will decide how the child can be helped to reach their full communication potential. OFSTED – Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills. They report directly to Parliament and are independent and impartial. OFTSED inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. OFSTED ensure that we as providers follow the EYFS AND ECM to ensure that children are provided for and are able to develop at a healthy rate.Respite Care – Respite care is the provision of short-term, temporary relief to those who are caring for family members who might otherwise require permanent placement in a facility outside the home. Respite programs provide planned short-term and time-limited breaks for families and other unpaid care givers of children with a developmental delay and adults with an intellectual disability in order to support and maintain the primar y care giving relationship. Respite also provides a positive experience for the person receiving care.